In the 36th month, the probability of hydrogen leakage in hydrogen refueling stations is evaluated to be 1.64 × 10 −1, and the probabilities of accident consequences are calculated to be C1 = 9.93 × 10 −1, C2 = 5.72 × 10 −3, C3 = 1.07 × 10 −3. Meanwhile, corresponding measures are proposed to further reduce the risk of

Tangential leakage loss is the primary factor that significantly affects the output performance of oil-free scroll expanders. A scroll expander can function under different operating conditions, and the flow of tangential leakage and generation mechanism is different. This study employed computation

1. Introduction. As the worldwide electricity demand is projected to at least double by 2050 [1], renewable energy is anticipated to become the primary source and thus will grow even faster the United States, the share of renewable generation penetration is expected to increase from 18% in 2018 to 31% in 2050 [2].The availability of high wind

A highly hydrophobic shell can successfully prevent leakage of salt solution as being reported in previous literatures [15], [16].A simple but practical method to constructure hydrophobic shell for hydrate salt is proposed as following (Fig. 1 a).SSD droplet was first dispersed in cyclohexane assisted by hydrophilic Tween 80 and

The underground gas storage is a well-known operation where 680 sites are under operation all around the world as of 2015 [ 61 ], while the experiences on UHS are scares. There are many criteria that are important in a gas storage operation such as geological, engineering, economic, legal, and social issues.

The necessity for safety in oil-gas storage and transportation has led to increasing technical requirements for on-line monitoring of damaged pores and oil leakage from tanks. In this study, the severity of damage of the oil tank at the micron level was detected by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS), which is of great

The invention discloses a radiating tube oil leakage prevention mechanism for an energy-saving oil-immersed transformer. The radiating tube oil leakage prevention mechanism comprises a radiating tube and a controller, wherein a flow sensor is arranged in the radiating tube and is used for detecting a flow change in the radiating tube; the radiating

Oil storage in cavern tank is one of the important ways of oil storage [1, 2].The cavern oil storage structure is shown in Fig. 1.More than 80% of the oil tanks in the cave storage have been used for around 30 years and at the end of service life in China [3, 4].The tank foundation settlement, tank wall plate rupture, and leakage accidents are

1. Introduction. The use of pipeline is considered as a major means of conveying petroleum products such as fossil fuels, gases, chemicals and other essential hydrocarbon fluids that serve as assets to the economy of the nation [] has been shown that oil and gas pipeline networks are the most economical and safest mean of

As you can see, options for transport and storage can require changing the physical state of the hydrogen from a gas to a liquid or solid, compressing it, or chemically converting it to another carrier. These transformations can make it easier to contain and move hydrogen because generally speaking, as a gas, hydrogen is lighter

Energy storage is the capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time [1] to reduce imbalances between energy demand and energy production. A device that stores energy is generally called an accumulator or battery. Energy comes in multiple forms including radiation, chemical, gravitational potential, electrical potential

The API 650 code provides guidelines for dimensions and fabrication for oil storage tanks up to 260 degrees C. The ASME standard provides allowable stress values for various materials at a range of temperatures and conditions. N2 - Thermal Energy Storage (TES) is a fundamental component in concentrating solar power (CSP) plants to increase

Oil pipeline leakage monitoring is an important means to ensure the safe, environmentally friendly, efficient and reliable operation of oil and gas pipelines, and an important part of promoting the energy production and consumption revolution and establishing a clean and low-carbon energy system (Liu et al., 2017) Section 2, we

The necessity for safety in oil-gas storage and transportation has led to increasing technical requirements for on-line monitoring of damaged pores and oil

Leakage of CO 2 from the storage sites is the major risk associated with a CCS project (Deel et al., 2007).According to the risk profile shown in Fig. 2, the risk of leakage from a storage site is very high when a reservoir/field is gone through injection for the first time (Benson, 2007).This is mainly because of geological complexity and lack of

Li et al. 22, aiming at the safety problems caused by the leakage and diffusion of crude oil storage tanks, simulated the relationship between the leakage aperture and the height above the ground

A lot of accidents about energy storage in salt rock caverns are reported in Reference [43], such as tubing damage, fire, gas leakage, and cavern instability. Besides, many cavern accidents of leakage are associated with the damage of case shoe and cap rock [44, 45]. Therefore, to ensure the energy storage, especially for the gas stored in

where k 0 is the hydraulic permeability coefficient of the slab, H is height of the pool level, d is the thickness of the bottom slab, S is the leakage area at the bottom of the basin, and H 0 represents the head at the bottom of the reservoir basin. When the rock and soil mass is in an unsaturated state, H 0 = 0. For the leakage from the periphery of

This article aims to provide general review on current practice of leak detection methods of underground storage tanks (UST). Fuel (i.e. gasoline and diesel oil) leakage from UST can contaminate groundwater and drinking water with various hydrocarbon contaminants. These leaks create ponds of fuel that spill into the land and

The evolution of the final energy mix is hardly influenced by methane abatement, as the final energy consumption of each of the main energy vectors remain robust to the methane leakage scenario

The industrial applications of cryogenic technologies can be summarised in three categories: (1) process cooling; (2) separation and distillation of gas mixtures; and (3) liquefaction for transportation and storage [6].The cryogenic industry has experienced continuous growth in the last decades, which was mostly driven by the worldwide

To address the problems of easy leakage and high flammability of phase change materials, a series of innovative leakage-proof phase change composites (PCCs) with excellent solar thermal conversion capability and superior flame retardancy have been successfully developed. Herein, two-dimensional layered MXene nanosheets with

This paper investigates the effects of leak area and tube length on high-pressure hydrogen self-ignition suppression using experiments and numerical

1.1. The Significance of Pipeline Defect Detection. Nowadays, petroleum and natural gas are key energy and chemical raw materials, which have a pivotal function in the life of people, industrial and agricultural production and national defense [] is well known that most safest and effective way to transport oil-gas is to employ a pipeline

Approximately 1,600 miles of hydrogen pipelines are currently operating in the United States. Owned by merchant hydrogen producers, these pipelines are located where large hydrogen users, such as petroleum refineries and chemical plants, are concentrated such as the Gulf Coast region. Transporting gaseous hydrogen via existing pipelines is a

It is possible to detect and locate leaks in a system that uses little energy and high data dependability as well as low latencies, while comparing the suggested system to other

Phase change materials (PCMs) offer a promising solution to address the challenges posed by intermittency and fluctuations in solar thermal utilization. However, for organic solid–liquid PCMs, issues such as leakage, low thermal conductivity, lack of efficient solar-thermal media, and flammability have constrained their broad applications. Herein,

Thermal energy storage composites were developed by incorporating granular phase change materials (PX25 from Rubitherm®) into cement paste. Without prevention, however, a significant amount of phase change material (paraffin) leaked from the PX25 during the fabrication process. To prevent paraffin leakage during fabrication,

1. Introduction. Rock salt is extensively utilized for large-scale underground energy storage and fluid resource storage. Salt caverns possess the capability to engage in short-term peaking of natural gas or compressed air due to their rapid injection and recovery working mode (Wang et al., 2019, Khaledi et al., 2016, Zhang et al., 2021) addition, with their

To ensure the accuracy of petroleum gas leakage diffusion concentration value in the floating deck leakage area of the tank group, this paper encrypts the

Multi-functional polymer gel materials based on thermal phase change materials (PCMs) are rapidly advancing the application of thermal energy storage (TES) in energy-saving buildings. In this work, we report multi-functional PCM composites with anti-liquid leakage, shape memory, switchable optical transparency, and thermal energy

2.5. Model validation. According to the theoretical analysis and simulation of He et al. (2020), the motion process of the liquid leaking from the orifice can be approximated as a parabolic motion.The horizontal motion trajectory formula is as follows: (9) s = v 0 t + 1 2 g t 2 The vertical motion trajectory formula is: (10) h 0 = 1 2 g t 2

The tube skid container is a key storage unit for multiple high-pressure hydrogen cylinders and plays a vital role in transporting hydrogen to urban areas via long tube trailers. Despite its significance, there is a notable dearth of research on the hydrogen distribution and ventilation configuration within the container following a hydrogen leak.

"The report focuses on a persistent problem facing renewable energy: how to store it. Storing fossil fuels like coal or oil until it''s time to use them isn''t a problem, but storage systems for solar and wind energy are still being developed that would let them be used long after the sun stops shining or the wind stops blowing," says Asher Klein for NBC10

A typical leaking underground storage tank scenario involves the release of a fuel product from an underground storage tank that can contaminate surrounding soil, groundwater, or surface waters, or affect indoor air spaces. LNAPL - A light non-aqueous phase liquid (e.g., petroleum oil, gasoline, diesel fuel) that has a density less than

Gentilhomme [43] proposed that the hydrogen leakage rate from an onboard hydrogen system can be classified into three types: permeation leakage (≤0.001 NL/min), chronic leakage (highly variable), and accidental leakage (>100 NL/min). Chronic leakage is typically associated with vehicle aging or sealing failure of piping/fittings/valves.

The invention discloses an oil leakage prevention mechanism for a cooling pipe of an energy-saving oil-immersed transformer. The oil leakage prevention mechanism comprises a cooling pipe, wherein solenoid valves are respectively arranged at two ends where the cooling pipe and a transformer box are communicated, a flow sensor is arranged in the

The leak energy of oil comes from height difference between oil tank liquid level and the leak hole. As the oil continues to leak out of the tank, liquid level is

Issues: Hydrogen can penetrate through any holes or fissures in cap rocks and may leak from storage as a result of diffusion and dissolution since its molecules are very small. Facts and recommendations: Cap rocks saturated with water represents a practically impermeable barrier to hydrogen. Only a small amount of hydrogen may be

The performance of used engine oil based sensible heat storage is investigated with the help of NETAC.. Effect of diverse air flow rate on the system performance is investigated.. Effect of different arrangement of air flow (parallel & counter) is investigated. • The maximal temperature difference (between inlet and outlet air)

When the electricity price is low, the low temperature and low-pressure air is compressed by the compressor into high pressure gas and stored in the gas storage

Renewable energy may either exceed the electricity demand or be insufficient. As a promising large-scale energy storage technology that can overcome the intermittency problem of renewable energy supply, compressed air energy storage (CAES) has received increasing research attention [1, 2]. CAES uses surplus renewable