Sodium is abundant on Earth and has similar chemical properties to lithium, thus sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been considered as one of the most promising alternative energy storage systems to lithium-ion batteries

As such, the low cost-consumption of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) provides a promising direction for "how do SIBs/PIBs

1 · Recent years have shown an increasing demand for electric vehicles and energy storage devices for large-scale grid applications. H. S. et al. Sodium-ion batteries

Aqueous sodium-ion batteries show promise for large-scale energy storage, yet face challenges due to water decomposition, limiting their energy density and

The development of large-scale energy storage systems (ESSs) aimed at application in renewable electricity sources and in smart grids is expected to address energy shortage and environmental issues.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been considered as a potential large-scale energy storage technology (especially for sustainable clean energy like wind, solar, and wave) owing to natural abundance, wide distribution,

Due to the wide availability and low cost of sodium resources, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are regarded as a promising alternative for next-generation large-scale

Room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries have attracted great attention particularly in large-scale electric energy storage applications for renewable energy

Aqueous sodium-ion batteries are practically promising for large-scale energy storage, however energy density and lifespan are limited by water decom

As a candidate for secondary battery in the field of large-scale energy storage, sodium-ion batteries should prioritize their safety while pursuing high energy